Anyị ga-ewebata "hydrogen", ọgbọ ike na-esote nke na-anaghị etinye carbon. E kewara hydrogen n'ụdị atọ: "hydrogen akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ", "hydrogen anụnụ anụnụ" na "hydrogen isi awọ", nke ọ bụla nwere usoro mmepụta dị iche. Anyị ga-akọwakwa ụzọ nrụpụta ọ bụla, ihe ndị dị na ya dị ka ihe ndị dị na ya, ụzọ nchekwa/njem, na ụzọ eji ya. M ga-akọwakwa ihe mere o ji bụrụ isi iyi ike kachasị na ọgbọ na-esote.
Electrolysis nke Mmiri iji mepụta Hydrogen Akwụkwọ Ndụ
Mgbe ị na-eji hydrogen, ọ dị mkpa "ịmepụta hydrogen". Ụzọ kachasị mfe bụ "ịmepụta mmiri electrolyze". Ma eleghị anya, ị mere na sayensị ụlọ akwụkwọ praịmarị. Jupụta beaker ahụ na mmiri na electrodes. Mgbe ejikọtara batrị na electrodes ma nye ume, mmeghachi omume ndị a na-eme na mmiri na na electrode ọ bụla.
Na katod ahụ, H+ na elektrọn na-ejikọ aka na-emepụta gas hydrogen, ebe anode na-emepụta oxygen. Ka o sina dị, usoro a dị mma maka nnwale sayensị ụlọ akwụkwọ, mana iji mepụta hydrogen n'ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe, a ga-akwadebe usoro dị irè maka mmepụta buru ibu. Nke ahụ bụ "electrolyte membrane (PEM) electrolysis".
N'ụzọ a, a na-ejikọta akpụkpọ ahụ nke nwere ike ịgafe ion hydrogen site na polima nke na-eme ka ọ banye n'ime anode na kathode. Mgbe a wụsara mmiri n'ime anode nke ngwaọrụ ahụ, ion hydrogen nke electrolysis mepụtara na-agafe na akpụkpọ ahụ nke nwere ike ịgafe ruo na kathode, ebe ha na-aghọ hydrogen molecular. N'aka nke ọzọ, ion oxygen enweghị ike ịgafe na akpụkpọ ahụ nke nwere ike ịgafe ma ghọọ molecule oxygen na anode ahụ.
Nakwa na electrolysis mmiri alkaline, ị na-emepụta hydrogen na oxygen site na ikewapụ anode na kathode site na ihe nkewa nke naanị ion hydroxide nwere ike ịgafe. Na mgbakwunye, enwere ụzọ ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe dịka electrolysis steam dị elu.
Site n'ime usoro ndị a n'ọtụtụ buru ibu, enwere ike inweta nnukwu hydrogen. N'ime usoro a, a na-emepụtakwa nnukwu oxygen (ọkara nke hydrogen emepụtara), nke na ọ gaghị enwe mmetụta ọjọọ na gburugburu ebe obibi ma ọ bụrụ na a tọhapụ ya n'ime ikuku. Agbanyeghị, electrolysis chọrọ nnukwu ọkụ eletrik, yabụ enwere ike ịmepụta hydrogen na-enweghị carbon ma ọ bụrụ na ejiri ọkụ eletrik nke na-anaghị eji mmanụ ọkụ, dị ka turbine ikuku na panel anyanwụ mepụta ya.
I nwere ike inweta "hydrogen akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ" site na iji ike dị ọcha mee ka mmiri dị ọcha.
E nwekwara ihe na-emepụta hydrogen maka imepụta nnukwu hydrogen akwụkwọ ndụ a. Site na iji PEM na ngalaba electrolyzer, enwere ike ịmepụta hydrogen mgbe niile.
Haịdrojin acha anụnụ anụnụ nke e ji mmanụ ọkụ fosil mee
Ya mere, kedu ụzọ ndị ọzọ e si eme hydrogen? Hydrogen dị na mmanụ ọkụ dị ka gas eke na kol dị ka ihe ndị ọzọ na-abụghị mmiri. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, tụlee methane (CH4), isi ihe dị na gas eke. E nwere atọm hydrogen anọ ebe a. Ị nwere ike nweta hydrogen site na iwepụ hydrogen a.
Otu n'ime ha bụ usoro a na-akpọ "nhazi steam methane" nke na-eji steam. Usoro kemịkalụ nke usoro a bụ dịka ndị a.
Dịka ị pụrụ ịhụ, enwere ike ịchọta carbon monoxide na hydrogen site na otu molekul methane.
N'ụzọ dị otu a, a pụrụ ịmepụta hydrogen site na usoro dịka "nhazi uzuoku" na "pyrolysis" nke gas na kol eke. "Hydrogen anụnụ anụnụ" na-ezo aka na hydrogen emepụtara n'ụzọ a.
Agbanyeghị, n'ọnọdụ a, a na-emepụta carbon monoxide na carbon dioxide dị ka ihe ndị sitere na ya. Ya mere, ị ga-emegharị ha tupu ewepụta ha n'ime ikuku. Ọ bụrụ na a chọpụtaghị ha, carbon dioxide nke sitere na ya na-aghọ hydrogen gas, nke a maara dị ka "hydrogen isi awọ".
Kedu Ụdị Ihe Dị na Hydrogen?
Haịdrojin nwere ọnụọgụ atọm nke 1 ma ọ bụ ihe mbụ dị na tebụl periodic.
Ọnụọgụgụ nke atọm bụ nke kachasị ukwuu n'eluigwe na ala, nke ruru ihe dị ka pasentị iri itoolu nke ihe niile dị n'eluigwe na ala. Atọm kacha nta nke nwere proton na elektrọn bụ atọm hydrogen.
Haịdrojiin nwere isotopes abụọ nwere neutrons ejikọtara na nucleus. Otu "deuterium" nke jikọtara neutron na "tritium" abụọ jikọtara neutron. Ndị a bụkwa ihe eji emepụta ike njikọta.
N'ime kpakpando dị ka anyanwụ, njikọta nuklia site na hydrogen gaa na helium na-eme, nke bụ isi iyi ike maka kpakpando ahụ ka ọ na-enwu.
Agbanyeghị, hydrogen anaghị adị ka gas n'ụwa. Hydrogen na-emepụta ihe ndị ọzọ dị ka mmiri, methane, ammonia na ethanol. Ebe ọ bụ na hydrogen bụ ihe dị mfe, ka okpomọkụ na-arị elu, ọsọ mmegharị nke molekul hydrogen na-abawanye, ma na-agbapụ site na ike ndọda nke ụwa gaa na mbara igwe dị n'èzí.
Kedu otu esi eji hydrogen? Ojiji site na Combustion
Ya mere, kedu ka e si eji "hydrogen", nke dọtara mmasị ụwa niile dịka isi iyi ike ọgbọ na-abịa, eme ihe? A na-eji ya eme ihe n'ụzọ abụọ: "ọkụ" na "mmanụ ọkụ". Ka anyị malite site n'iji "ọkụ".
E nwere ụdị ọkụ abụọ bụ́ isi e ji eme ihe.
Nke mbụ bụ mmanụ rọketi. Rọketi H-IIA nke Japan na-eji "hydrogen mmiri mmiri" na "oxygen mmiri mmiri" nke dịkwa n'ọnọdụ cryogenic dị ka mmanụ ọkụ. A na-ejikọta ha abụọ, ike okpomọkụ e mepụtara n'oge ahụ na-eme ka mmịpụta nke molekul mmiri emepụtara na-eme ngwa ngwa, na-efega n'ime mbara igwe. Agbanyeghị, n'ihi na ọ bụ injin siri ike n'ụzọ teknụzụ, ma e wezụga Japan, naanị United States, Europe, Russia, China na India ejikọtala mmanụ ọkụ a nke ọma.
Nke abụọ bụ mmepụta ike. Mmepụta ike turbine gas na-ejikwa usoro ijikọta hydrogen na oxygen iji mepụta ike. N'ikwu ya n'ụzọ ọzọ, ọ bụ usoro na-eleba anya na ike okpomọkụ nke hydrogen na-emepụta. N'ime ụlọ ọrụ ike okpomọkụ, okpomọkụ sitere na kol na-ere ọkụ, mmanụ na gas eke na-emepụta uzuoku nke na-akwọ turbine. Ọ bụrụ na ejiri hydrogen mee ihe dị ka isi iyi okpomọkụ, ụlọ ọrụ ike ahụ agaghị enwe carbon.
Kedu otu esi eji hydrogen eme ihe? Eji ya mee ihe dị ka sel mmanụ ọkụ
Ụzọ ọzọ e si eji hydrogen eme ihe bụ imepụta mmanụ ụgbọala, nke na-agbanwe hydrogen ozugbo ka ọ bụrụ ọkụ eletrik. Karịsịa, Toyota adọtala uche na Japan site n'ịtụgharị ụgbọala ndị nwere hydrogen kama ụgbọala eletrik (EV) dị ka ihe ọzọ maka ụgbọala petrol dịka akụkụ nke usoro mgbochi okpomọkụ ụwa ya.
N'ụzọ pụrụ iche, anyị na-eme usoro mgbanwe mgbe anyị na-ewebata usoro mmepụta nke "hydrogen akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ". Usoro kemịkalụ ahụ bụ dịka ndị a.
Haịdrojiin nwere ike imepụta mmiri (mmiri ọkụ ma ọ bụ uzuoku) mgbe ọ na-emepụta ọkụ eletrik, a pụkwara ịtụle ya n'ihi na ọ naghị eweta ibu arọ n'ebe obibi. N'aka nke ọzọ, usoro a nwere obere arụmọrụ mmepụta ike nke 30-40%, ma chọọ platinum dị ka ihe na-akpali akpali, si otú a chọọ mmụba ọnụ ahịa.
Ugbu a, anyị na-eji mkpụrụ ndụ mmanụ ọkụ polymer electrolyte (PEFC) na mkpụrụ ndụ mmanụ phosphoric acid (PAFC). Karịsịa, ụgbọ ala mmanụ ọkụ na-eji PEFC, yabụ enwere ike ịtụ anya na ọ ga-agbasa n'ọdịnihu.
Nchekwa na Njem Hydrogen ọ dị mma?
Ugbu a, anyị chere na ị ghọtara otu esi emepụta ma jiri gas hydrogen mee ihe. Yabụ kedu ka ị si echekwa hydrogen a? Kedu ka ị ga-esi nweta ya ebe ịchọrọ ya? Gịnịkwa gbasara nchekwa n'oge ahụ? Anyị ga-akọwa.
N'eziokwu, hydrogen bụkwa ihe dị oke ize ndụ. Na mbido narị afọ nke 20, anyị jiri hydrogen dị ka gas na-ese n'elu balọn, balọn, na ụgbọ elu ikuku n'eluigwe n'ihi na ọ dị oke ọkụ. Agbanyeghị, na Mee 6, 1937, na New Jersey, USA, "mgbawa nke ụgbọ elu Hindenburg" mere.
Kemgbe ihe mberede ahụ mere, a matala nke ọma na gas hydrogen dị ize ndụ. Karịsịa mgbe ọ gbara ọkụ, ọ ga-agbawa nke ukwuu site na oxygen. Ya mere, "zere oxygen" ma ọ bụ "zere okpomọkụ" dị mkpa.
Mgbe anyị mechara ihe ndị a, anyị chepụtara ụzọ mbupu.
Haịdrojiin bụ gas n'ọnọdụ okpomọkụ ụlọ, yabụ ọ bụ ezie na ọ ka bụ gas, ọ dị oke ibu. Ụzọ mbụ bụ itinye nrụgide dị elu na ịpịkọta ya dịka silinda mgbe a na-eme ihe ọṅụṅụ carbonated. Kwadebe tankị nrụgide pụrụ iche ma chekwaa ya n'ọnọdụ nrụgide dị elu dịka 45Mpa.
Toyota, nke na-emepụta ụgbọala mmanụ ụgbọala (FCV), na-emepụta tankị hydrogen dị elu nke nwere ike iguzogide nrụgide 70 MPa.
Ụzọ ọzọ bụ ịjụ oyi ruo -253°C iji mepụta hydrogen mmiri mmiri, ma chekwaa ma bufee ya na tankị pụrụ iche nke nwere okpomọkụ. Dịka LNG (gas mmiri mmiri mmiri) mgbe a na-ebubata gas sitere na mba ofesi, a na-etinye hydrogen mmiri mmiri n'oge njem, na-ebelata olu ya ruo 1/800 nke ọnọdụ gas ya. Na 2020, anyị rụchara ụgbọ mmiri hydrogen mmiri mmiri mbụ n'ụwa. Agbanyeghị, ụzọ a adabaghị maka ụgbọala sel mmanụ n'ihi na ọ chọrọ ike dị ukwuu iji jụọ oyi.
E nwere ụzọ e si echekwa ma bufee tankị dị otu a, mana anyị na-emepụtakwa ụzọ ndị ọzọ e si echekwa hydrogen.
Ụzọ nchekwa bụ iji ihe ndị e ji echekwa hydrogen. Haịdrojin nwere ihe onwunwe nke ịbanye n'ime ígwè ma mebie ha. Nke a bụ ndụmọdụ mmepe nke e mepụtara na United States n'afọ 1960. JJ Reilly na ndị otu ya egosila na enwere ike ịchekwa ma wepụta hydrogen site na iji ihe ndị e ji magnesium na vanadium mee.
Mgbe nke ahụ gasịrị, o mepụtara ihe dị ka palladium nke ọma, nke nwere ike ịmịkọrọ hydrogen ugboro 935 nke olu ya.
Uru dị n'iji ihe a na-etinye n'ime ihe a bụ na ọ nwere ike igbochi ihe mberede mmiri na-agbapụta site na hydrogen (karịsịa ihe mberede mgbawa). Ya mere, enwere ike ịchekwa ya ma bufee ya n'enweghị nsogbu. Agbanyeghị, ọ bụrụ na ị kpacharaghị anya ma hapụ ya n'ebe na-ezighi ezi, ihe ndị na-echekwa hydrogen nwere ike iwepụta gas hydrogen ka oge na-aga. Ọ dị mma, ọbụna obere ọkụ nwere ike ibute ihe mberede mgbawa, yabụ kpachara anya.
O nwekwara nsogbu na mmịpụta hydrogen ugboro ugboro na mmịpụta ya na-eduga na mmịpụta ma belata ọsọ mmịpụta hydrogen.
Nke ọzọ bụ iji paịpụ. E nwere ọnọdụ na ọ ghaghị ịbụ nke a na-anaghị agbanye ma nwee obere nrụgide iji gbochie mmebi nke paịpụ ndị ahụ, mana uru ya bụ na enwere ike iji paịpụ gas ndị dị adị. Tokyo Gas rụrụ ọrụ owuwu na Harumi FLAG, na-eji paịpụ gas obodo enye hydrogen na sel mmanụ.
Ọha Ọdịnihu nke Hydrogen Energy kere
N'ikpeazụ, ka anyị tụlee ọrụ hydrogen nwere ike ịrụ n'obodo.
Ihe kacha mkpa bụ na anyị chọrọ ịkwalite ọha mmadụ na-enweghị carbon, anyị na-eji hydrogen emepụta ọkụ eletrik kama ịbụ ike okpomọkụ.
Kama nnukwu ụlọ ọrụ ike ọkụ, ụfọdụ ezinụlọ ewepụtala sistemụ dịka ENE-FARM, nke na-eji hydrogen enwetara site na ịgbanwe gas eke iji mepụta ọkụ eletrik achọrọ. Agbanyeghị, ajụjụ banyere ihe a ga-eme na ihe ndị ọzọ sitere na usoro mgbanwe ahụ ka dị.
N'ọdịnihu, ọ bụrụ na mgbasa nke hydrogen n'onwe ya amụba, dịka ịbawanye ọnụọgụgụ ebe a na-etinye mmanụ hydrogen, ọ ga-ekwe omume iji ọkụ eletrik na-enweghị carbon dioxide. Ọkụ eletrik na-emepụta hydrogen akwụkwọ ndụ, n'ezie, ya mere ọ na-eji ọkụ eletrik sitere na anwụ ma ọ bụ ifufe. Ike eji eme electrolysis kwesịrị ịbụ ike iji gbochie ọnụọgụ mmepụta ike ma ọ bụ ịchaji batrị a na-agbanye mgbe enwere ike karịrị akarị site na ike eke. N'ikwu ya n'ụzọ ọzọ, hydrogen dị n'otu ọnọdụ ahụ dị ka batrị a na-agbanye. Ọ bụrụ na nke a emee, ọ ga-ekwe omume ibelata mmepụta ike okpomọkụ. Ụbọchị mgbe injin ọkụ dị n'ime na-apụ n'anya n'ụgbọala na-abịa ngwa ngwa.
A pụkwara inweta hydrogen site n'ụzọ ọzọ. N'ezie, hydrogen ka bụ ihe sitere na mmepụta nke soda caustic. Tinyere ihe ndị ọzọ, ọ bụ ihe sitere na mmepụta coke n'ime ígwè. Ọ bụrụ na itinye hydrogen a na nkesa, ị ga-enwe ike nweta ọtụtụ ebe. Ọdụ hydrogen na-enyekwa gas hydrogen nke a na-emepụta n'ụzọ a.
Ka anyị leba anya n'ọdịnihu. Oke ike furu efu bụkwa nsogbu dị n'ụzọ e si ebufe waya iji nye ike. Ya mere, n'ọdịnihu, anyị ga-eji hydrogen nke pipeline na-ebuga, dịka tankị carbonic acid eji eme ihe ọṅụṅụ carbonated, ma zụta tankị hydrogen n'ụlọ iji mepụta ọkụ eletrik maka ezinụlọ ọ bụla. Ngwaọrụ mkpanaka ndị na-eji batrị hydrogen arụ ọrụ na-aghọ ihe a na-ahụkarị. Ọ ga-atọ ụtọ ịhụ ọdịnihu dị otú ahụ.
Oge ozi: Jun-08-2023
