Banyere ọgbọ ọzọ ike hydrogen

Anyị ga-ewebata "hydrogen", ọgbọ na-esote ike nke na-anọpụ iche carbon. A na-ekewa hydrogen n'ime ụdị atọ: "hydrogen green", "hydrogen blue" na "mmiri isi awọ", nke ọ bụla n'ime ha nwere usoro mmepụta dị iche iche. Anyị ga-akọwakwa usoro nrụpụta ọ bụla, akụrụngwa anụ ahụ dị ka ihe, ụzọ nchekwa/ụzọ mbufe, na ụzọ eji eme ihe. M ga-ewebatakwa ihe kpatara na ọ bụ ọgbọ na-esote isi iyi ike.

Electrolysis nke mmiri iji mepụta Hydrogen Green

Mgbe ị na-eji hydrogen, ọ dị mkpa "ịmepụta hydrogen" agbanyeghị. Ụzọ kacha mfe bụ "electrolyze mmiri". Ma eleghị anya, ị mere sayensị ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị. Jupụta beaker na mmiri na electrodes n'ime mmiri. Mgbe batrị jikọtara na electrodes na ume, mmeghachi omume ndị a na-eme na mmiri na na electrode ọ bụla.
Na cathode, H + na electrons jikọtara iji mepụta hydrogen gas, ebe anode na-emepụta oxygen. N'agbanyeghị nke a, usoro a dị mma maka nyocha sayensị ụlọ akwụkwọ, mana iji mepụta hydrogen na ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe, a ghaghị ịkwado usoro dị mma maka mmepụta nnukwu. Nke ahụ bụ "polymer electrolyte membrane (PEM) electrolysis".
Na usoro a, a polymer semipermeable akpụkpọ anụ na-ekwe ka ngafe nke hydrogen ion bụ sandwiched n'etiti anode na a cathode. Mgbe a na-awụsa mmiri n'ime anode nke ngwaọrụ ahụ, ion hydrogen nke electrolysis na-emepụta na-esi na akpụkpọ ahụ nke na-esighị ike banye na cathode, bụ ebe ha na-aghọ hydrogen molecular. N'aka nke ọzọ, ion oxygen enweghị ike ịgafe na akpụkpọ anụ semipermeable wee ghọọ ikuku oxygen na anode.
Nakwa na alkaline mmiri electrolysis, ị na-emepụta hydrogen na oxygen site na-ekewa anode na cathode site na separator nke naanị hydroxide ion nwere ike ịgafe. Tụkwasị na nke ahụ, e nwere ụzọ mmepụta ihe dị ka ọkụ ọkụ ọkụ eletrik.
Site n'ime usoro ndị a n'ọtụtụ buru ibu, enwere ike nweta nnukwu hydrogen. N'ime usoro a, a na-emepụtakwa ikuku oxygen dị ukwuu (ọkara nke hydrogen na-emepụta), nke mere na ọ gaghị enwe mmetụta ọjọọ gburugburu ebe obibi ma ọ bụrụ na ahapụ ya na ikuku. Otú ọ dị, electrolysis chọrọ ọkụ eletrik dị ukwuu, n'ihi ya, e nwere ike ịmepụta hydrogen na-enweghị carbon ma ọ bụrụ na ejiri ọkụ eletrik na-adịghị eji mmanụ ọkụ eme ihe, dị ka ikuku ikuku na akụkụ anyanwụ.
Ị nwere ike nweta "hydrogen green" site na iji ike dị ọcha na-eme ka mmiri na-ekpo ọkụ.

Enwekwara onye na-emepụta hydrogen maka nnukwu mmepụta nke hydrogen a na-acha akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ. Site na iji PEM na ngalaba electrolyzer, hydrogen nwere ike ịmepụta mgbe niile.

Hydrogen Blue Emere site na mmanụ ọkụ

Yabụ, kedu ụzọ ndị ọzọ isi mee hydrogen? Hydrogen dị na mmanụ ọkụ dị ka gas na kol dị ka ihe ndị ọzọ na-abụghị mmiri. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, tụlee methane (CH4), bụ isi ihe na-emepụta gas. Enwere atom hydrogen anọ ebe a. Ị nwere ike nweta hydrogen site n'iwepụ hydrogen a.
Otu n'ime ndị a bụ usoro a na-akpọ "steam methane reforming" nke na-eji uzuoku. Usoro kemịkalụ nke usoro a bụ nke a.
Dị ka ị pụrụ ịhụ, carbon monoxide na hydrogen nwere ike isi na otu molekul methane pụta.
N'ụzọ dị otú a, a pụrụ imepụta hydrogen site na usoro dị ka "ngbanwe nke steam" na "pyrolysis" nke gas na coal. "Hydrogen na-acha anụnụ anụnụ" na-ezo aka na hydrogen emepụtara n'ụzọ dị otú a.
N'okwu a, Otú ọ dị, a na-emepụta carbon monoxide na carbon dioxide dị ka ihe ndị sitere na ngwaahịa. Yabụ na ị ga-emegharị ha tupu ahapụ ha n'ikuku. Carbon dioxide sitere na ngwaahịa ahụ, ma ọ bụrụ na enwetaghachighị ya, na-aghọ hydrogen gas, nke a maara dị ka "hydrogen isi awọ".

Kedu ụdị ihe bụ hydrogen?

Hydrogen nwere nọmba atọm nke 1 ma bụrụ ihe mbụ na tebụl oge.
Ọnụ ọgụgụ nke atọm bụ nke kachasị na mbara igwe, na-aza ihe dịka 90% nke ihe niile dị na mbara igwe. Atọm kacha nta nke nwere proton na eletrọn bụ hydrogen atom.
Hydrogen nwere isotopes abụọ nwere neutrons jikọtara na oghere. Otu "deuterium" jikọtara neutron na abụọ "tritium" jikọtara neutron. Ndị a bụkwa ihe maka nrụpụta ike njikọta.
N'ime kpakpando dị ka anyanwụ, ngwakọta nuklia sitere na hydrogen ruo helium na-ewere ọnọdụ, nke bụ isi iyi ike maka kpakpando na-enwu.
Otú ọ dị, hydrogen adịghị adịkarị ka gas na Ụwa. Hydrogen na-emepụta ogige na ihe ndị ọzọ dị ka mmiri, methane, amonia na ethanol. Ebe ọ bụ na hydrogen bụ ihe ọkụ ọkụ, ka okpomọkụ na-ebili, ọsọ ọsọ nke molekul hydrogen na-abawanye, na-esikwa na ike ndọda gbapụ na mbara igwe.

Kedu ka esi eji hydrogen? Eji combustion mee ihe

Mgbe ahụ, olee otú e si eji “hydrogen”, bụ́ nke dọtaworo uche zuru ụwa ọnụ dị ka isi iyi ike nke ọgbọ na-abịa,, ji eme ihe? A na-eji ya n'ụzọ abụọ bụ isi: "ọkụ ọkụ" na "mmanụ ọkụ". Ka anyị malite na iji "ọkụ".
A na-eji ụdị ọkụ ọkụ abụọ eme ihe.
Nke mbụ dị ka mmanụ roket. Rọketi H-IIA nke Japan na-eji hydrogen gas "mmiri hydrogen" na "oxygen mmiri mmiri" nke dịkwa na steeti cryogenic dị ka mmanụ ụgbọala. A na-ejikọta abụọ ndị a, na ike okpomọkụ nke a na-emepụta n'oge ahụ na-eme ka ịgbanye mmiri nke mmiri na-emepụta ngwa ngwa, na-efeba na mbara igwe. Otú ọ dị, n'ihi na ọ bụ nkà na ụzụ siri ike engine, ma e wezụga maka Japan, ọ bụ naanị United States, Europe, Russia, China na India ka jikọtara mmanụ a nke ọma.
Nke abụọ bụ ike mmepụta. Ọgbọ ọkụ turbine gas na-ejikwa usoro ijikọ hydrogen na oxygen na-emepụta ike. N'ikwu ya n'ụzọ ọzọ, ọ bụ usoro na-ele anya ọkụ ọkụ nke hydrogen na-emepụta. N'ụlọ ọrụ ọkụ ọkụ, okpomọkụ sitere na coal, mmanụ na gas na-ere ọkụ na-emepụta uzuoku nke na-ebugharị turbines. Ọ bụrụ na a na-eji hydrogen dị ka isi iyi ọkụ, ụlọ ọrụ ike ga-anọpụ iche na carbon.

Kedu ka esi eji hydrogen? Ejiri ya dị ka mmanụ ụgbọala

Ụzọ ọzọ eji hydrogen bụ dị ka mmanụ ụgbọala, nke na-agbanwe hydrogen ozugbo ghọọ ọkụ eletrik. Karịsịa, Toyota adọtala uche na Japan site n'ịtụgharị ụgbọ ala ndị na-agba mmanụ hydrogen kama ịnya ụgbọ ala eletrik (EV) dị ka ihe ọzọ na ụgbọ ala mmanụ ụgbọala dị ka akụkụ nke mgbochi ọkụ zuru ụwa ọnụ.
Kpọmkwem, anyị na-eme usoro ntụgharị mgbe anyị na-ewebata usoro mmepụta nke "hydrogen green". Usoro kemịkalụ bụ nke a.
Hydrogen nwere ike ịmepụta mmiri (mmiri ọkụ ma ọ bụ uzuoku) mgbe ọ na-emepụta ọkụ eletrik, a pụkwara ịtụle ya n'ihi na ọ naghị etinye ibu arọ na gburugburu ebe obibi. N'aka nke ọzọ, usoro a nwere nrụpụta ike dị ala dị ala nke 30-40%, ma na-achọ platinum dị ka ihe na-eme ka ọ bụrụ ihe na-eme ka ọ bụrụ ihe na-eme ka ọ dị elu.
Ugbu a, anyị na-eji polymer electrolyte mmanụ ụgbọala (PEFC) na phosphoric acid mmanụ ụgbọala (PAFC). Karịsịa, ụgbọ ala mmanụ ụgbọala na-eji PEFC, yabụ enwere ike ịtụ anya na ọ ga-agbasa n'ọdịnihu.

Nchekwa hydrogen na njem ọ dị mma?

Ka ọ dị ugbu a, anyị chere na ị ghọtara otú e si emepụta hydrogen gas ma jiri ya mee ihe. Yabụ kedu ka esi echekwa hydrogen a? Kedu ka esi enweta ya ebe ịchọrọ ya? Gịnị banyere nchebe n'oge ahụ? Anyị ga-akọwa.
N'ezie, hydrogen bụkwa ihe dị ize ndụ. Ná mmalite narị afọ nke 20, anyị na-eji hydrogen dị ka gas na-ese n'elu balloons, balloons, na ụgbọ elu na mbara igwe n'ihi na ọ dị nnọọ mfe. Otú ọ dị, na May 6, 1937, na New Jersey, USA, “mgbawa ụgbọ elu Hindenburg” mere.
Kemgbe ihe mberede a, a matala na hydrogen gas dị ize ndụ. Karịsịa mgbe ọ na-agbanye ọkụ, ọ ga-eji ikuku oxygen gbawa n'ike. Ya mere, "na-ezere oxygen" ma ọ bụ "na-ezere okpomọkụ" dị mkpa.
Mgbe anyị mechara usoro ndị a, anyị wepụtara usoro mbupu.
Hydrogen bụ gas dị n'ime ụlọ, n'agbanyeghị na ọ ka bụ gas, ọ dị oke ibu. Ụzọ mbụ bụ itinye nrụgide dị elu na mpikota onu dị ka cylinder mgbe ị na-eme ihe ọṅụṅụ carbonated. Kwadebe tankị dị elu pụrụ iche ma chekwaa ya n'okpuru ọnọdụ nrụgide dị ka 45Mpa.
Toyota, nke na-emepụta ụgbọ ala mmanụ ụgbọala (FCV), na-emepụta tankị hydrogen na-arụ ọrụ resin nke nwere ike iguzogide nrụgide 70 MPa.
Ụzọ ọzọ bụ ka ọ dị jụụ ruo -253 Celsius iji mee hydrogen mmiri mmiri, na-echekwa ma bufee ya na tankị pụrụ iche na-ekpo ọkụ. Dị ka LNG (gasị mmiri na-ekpo ọkụ) mgbe a na-ebubata gas sitere na mba ọzọ, hydrogen na-agbanye mmiri n'oge njem, na-ebelata olu ya ruo 1/800 nke ala gas ya. N'afọ 2020, anyị dechara ụgbọ mmiri hydrogen mbụ n'ụwa. Otú ọ dị, ụzọ a adịghị adabara ụgbọ ala mmanụ ụgbọala n'ihi na ọ chọrọ ike dị ukwuu iji mee ka ọ dị jụụ.
Enwere usoro nke ịchekwa na mbupu na tankị dị ka nke a, mana anyị na-emepụtakwa ụzọ ndị ọzọ nke nchekwa hydrogen.
Usoro nchekwa bụ iji hydrogen nchekwa alloys. Hydrogen nwere ikike nke ịbanye ọla na imebi ha. Nke a bụ ndụmọdụ mmepe nke emepụtara na United States n'afọ ndị 1960. JJ Reilly et al. Nnwale egosila na enwere ike ịchekwa hydrogen ma wepụta ya site na iji alloy nke magnesium na vanadium.
Mgbe nke ahụ gasịrị, o nwere ihe ịga nke ọma n'ịmepụta ihe dị ka palladium, nke nwere ike ịmịnye hydrogen ugboro 935 n'olu nke ya.
Uru nke iji alloy a bụ na ọ nwere ike igbochi ihe mberede mgbapụta hydrogen (karịsịa ihe mberede mgbawa). Ya mere, enwere ike ịchekwa ma bufee ya n'enweghị nsogbu. Otú ọ dị, ọ bụrụ na ị kpacharaghị anya ma hapụ ya na ebe na-ezighị ezi, ihe nchekwa hydrogen nwere ike ịhapụ hydrogen gas ka oge na-aga. Ọfọn, ọbụna obere ọkụ nwere ike ime ka ihe mberede gbawara, ya mere kpachara anya.
Ọ na-enwekwa ọghọm nke mmịnye hydrogen ugboro ugboro na mwepu na-eduga n'ọkpụkpụ ma belata ọnụego nnabata hydrogen.
Nke ọzọ bụ iji ọkpọkọ. Enwere ọnọdụ na ọ ghaghị ịbụ nke na-enweghị nrụgide na nrụgide dị ala iji gbochie nkwụsị nke ọkpọkọ, ma uru bụ na enwere ike iji ọkpọkọ gas dị ugbu a. Gas Tokyo rụrụ ọrụ owuwu na ọkọlọtọ Harumi, na-eji pipeline gas obodo na-ebunye hydrogen na mkpụrụ ndụ mmanụ.

Ọdịnihu Society nke Hydrogen Energy Mepụtara

N'ikpeazụ, ka anyị tụlee ọrụ hydrogen nwere ike ịrụ n'ime ọha mmadụ.
Nke ka mkpa na anyị chọrọ ịkwalite ọha mmadụ na-enweghị carbon, anyị na-eji hydrogen na-emepụta ọkụ eletrik kama ịbụ ike ọkụ.
Kama nnukwu ụlọ ọrụ ọkụ ọkụ, ụfọdụ ezinaụlọ ewebatala sistemu dị ka ENE-FARM, nke na-eji hydrogen enwetara site n'ịhazigharị gas sitere n'okike iji mepụta ọkụ eletrik achọrọ. Otú ọ dị, ajụjụ nke ihe a ga-eme na ihe ndị na-emepụta nke usoro nhazigharị ahụ ka dị.

N'ọdịnihu, ọ bụrụ na mgbasa nke hydrogen n'onwe ya na-abawanye, dị ka ịba ụba nke ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri hydrogen, ọ ga-ekwe omume iji ọkụ eletrik na-enweghị carbon dioxide. Eletrik na-emepụta hydrogen green, n'ezie, ya mere ọ na-eji ọkụ eletrik sitere na ìhè anyanwụ ma ọ bụ ifufe. Ike a na-eji maka electrolysis kwesịrị ịbụ ike ịkwụsị ọnụ ọgụgụ nke ike ike ma ọ bụ chajị batrị enwere ike ịchaji mgbe enwere ike njupụta site na ike eke. N'ikwu ya n'ụzọ ọzọ, hydrogen nọ n'otu ọnọdụ dị ka batrị enwere ike ịchaji. Ọ bụrụ na nke a emee, ọ ga-emecha nwee ike ibelata ike ọkụ ọkụ. Ụbọchị mgbe engine combustion n'ime ụgbọala na-apụ n'anya na-abịa ngwa ngwa.

Enwere ike nweta hydrogen site na ụzọ ọzọ. N'ezie, hydrogen ka bụ ihe sitere na mmepụta nke soda caustic. Tinyere ihe ndị ọzọ, ọ bụ ihe sitere na mmepụta nke coke na-emepụta ígwè. Ọ bụrụ na itinye hydrogen a na nkesa, ị ga-enwe ike nweta ọtụtụ isi mmalite. Ọdụdọ hydrogen na-ebutekwa gas hydrogen emepụtara n'ụzọ dị otú a.

Ka anyị lebakwuo anya n'ọdịnihu. Ole ike furu efu bụkwa ihe gbasara usoro nnyefe nke na-eji wires na-enye ike. Ya mere, n'ọdịnihu, anyị ga-eji hydrogen a na-ebute site na pipeline, dị ka tankị carbonic acid na-eji eme ihe ọṅụṅụ carbonated, ma zụta tankị hydrogen n'ụlọ iji nweta ọkụ eletrik maka ezinụlọ ọ bụla. Ngwa mkpanaaka na-agba na batrị hydrogen na-aghọ ihe a na-ahụkarị. Ọ ga-adọrọ mmasị ịhụ ọdịnihu dị otú ahụ.